Описание

The manual is created in accordance with the academic curriculum
and working program elaborated by the Department of Social Sciences
and Humanities of Privolzhsky Research Medical University. This manual
is compiled as a textbook: it contains text materials for studying,
questions and assignments for topics, questions for the colloquium, test
tasks, additional tasks as well as references for further reading, and
methods of preparing for seminars.
It is designed for students of medical educational institutions of
higher education mastering the specialty «General medicine» (31.05.01) in
English.

Учебное пособие разработано в соответствии с ФГОС ВО (3++) и
рабочей программой, подготовленной кафедрой социально-гуманитарных
наук ФГБОУ ВО «ПИМУ» Минздрава России. Данное пособие составлено в
формате хрестоматии: оно содержит текстовые материалы для изучения
курса, вопросы и задания к темам, вопросы к коллоквиуму, примерные
тестовые задания, список рекомендованной литературы, методику
подготовки студентов к семинарским занятиям.
Предназначено для студентов медицинских образовательных
организаций высшего образования, обучающихся по специальности
«Лечебное дело» (31.05.01) на английском языке.

CONTENTS

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………6

Topic 1. Introduction to philosophy……………………………………………………………….7
What is philosophy?……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8
Why study philosophy?……………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
Questioning the fundamentals………………………………………………………………………11
Thinking skills………………………………………………………………………………………14
Philosophy and religion………………………………………………………………………………….14
Philosophy and science………………………………………………………………………………15
Materialism vs idealism……………………………………………………………………………..16

Topic 2. Ancient Chinese and Indian philosophy……………………………………………………..18
Chinese philosophy…………………………………………………………………………………18
Lao Tzu………………………………………………………………………………………………18
Confucius……………………………………………………………………………………………19
Indian philosophy……………………………………………………………………………………22
Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)………………………………………………………………………22

Topic 3.1. Ancient Greek philosophy (part 1 – Pre-Socratics) …………………………………25
The origins of Western philosophy…………………………………………………………………25
What does pre-Socratic mean?……………………………………………………………………………………………..25
The Milesian school…………………………………………………………………………………26
Heraclitus……………………………………………………………………………………………27
The Pythagorean school…………………………………………………………………………….27
The Eleatic school…………………………………………………………………………………..28
The Atomist school…………………………………………………………………………………28

Topic 3.2. Ancient Greek philosophy (part 2 – classical period) ……………………………….30
Socrates………………………………………………………………………………………………30
Plato…………………………………………………………………………………………………33
Aristotle……………………………………………………………………………………………..36

Topic 4. Medieval philosophy……………………………………………………………………..41
The medieval world…………………………………………………………………………………41
Realism vs nominalism………………………………………………………………………………42
St. Augustine………………………………………………………………………………………..43
St. Anselm of Canterbury……………………………………………………………………………45
Thomas Aquinas…………………………………………………………………………………….46

Topic 5. Philosophy of Renaissance………………………………………………………………49
Humanism……………………………………………………………………………………………49
Nicholas of Cusa…………………………………………………………………………………….51
Giordano Bruno……………………………………………………………………………………..51
Niccolo Machiavelli…………………………………………………………………………………52

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..55
Control questions……………………………………………………………………………………………56
Multiple-choice questions…………………………………………………………………………57
Additional task (advanced level) …………………………………………………………………63
References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..66